1944 Water Treaty: History and Provisions Between USA and Mexico

Understanding the US-Mexico Water Treaty of 1944

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Published in 04-30-2025

The 1944 Water Treaty between the United States and Mexico stands as a pivotal agreement governing the allocation of water from shared rivers, notably the Rio Grande and the Colorado River. This treaty has facilitated cooperation between the two nations for decades. However, in the face of escalating climate change impacts, the treaty's provisions are being tested like never before.

Origins of the Treaty
Signed on February 3, 1944, the treaty was designed to equitably distribute water resources between the U.S. and Mexico. It established the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC) to oversee its implementation.

Under the treaty:
Key Provisions:
Rio Grande: Mexico is obligated to deliver an average of 350,000 acre-feet of water annually to the U.S. over a five-year cycle.
Colorado River: The U.S. must provide Mexico with 1.5 million acre-feet of water each year.

USA and Mexico Water Rights: A Look at the International Treaty

Photo: Comisión Internacional de Límites y Aguas entre México y Estados Unidos
Contemporary Challenges
In recent years, the treaty has faced significant challenges:?
Climate Change: Prolonged droughts and reduced river flows have made it difficult for both countries to meet their treaty obligations.
Water Shortages: Mexico has struggled to deliver the required water volumes, leading to tensions, especially affecting U.S. farmers in Texas.

Recent Developments
To address these issues, both nations have engaged in negotiations:?
New Agreements: In 2025, Mexico agreed to transfer additional water from reservoirs to the U.S. and increase allocations from tributaries.
Diplomatic Efforts: High-level discussions have aimed to ensure compliance while considering domestic water needs.

Looking Ahead
The 1944 Water Treaty remains a cornerstone of U.S.-Mexico relations concerning shared water resources. However, adapting to the realities of climate change is imperative. Both nations must continue to collaborate, ensuring sustainable water management for future generations.